I think "Whose food is this?" IS a literal translation of the Irish...

It's definitely something that I would say if, say, I saw an unattended plate of food on a table and I wanted to move it to make space for myself. I'd want to talk to the owner before interfering with their stuff, so "who owns this?" is a more direct way of achieving that.
It might not be good *manners* for me to raise my voice to find the owner like this (since I'm asking *everyone* there rather than making a discreet inquiry---which everyone would most likely filter out), but it's certainly a correct translation, grammatically correct and not just a word-for-word translation (which would literally be "who *with* the food this").
It would be the same thing if I found a jacket that was ringing. I'd probably lift it up and say "who owns this jacket? (you have a phone call)" instead of taking some more timid linguistic route to finding the owner.

@cueyayoti

It might look like it, but actually there's only one way of expressing that sentence in Irish. I think that maybe you're looking at the word order and relating it to the passive voice in English (eg, "to whom am I speaking"). But since there's (substantially) only one way to put it in Irish ("Cé atá mé ag caint leis?"), it admits both translations: "to whom am I speaking?" and "who am I speaking to?"
That's very similar to the question at hand: is it "who owns this?" or "whose thing is this?". In Irish, it's both.

I'm in Ireland, so some of the things I say are in what's called "Hiberno-English". Things like "I was only after eating" == "I had just finished eating" or "he had a mood on him" == " he was in a mood" come from the Irish language ("Bhí me tar éis ithe", "Bhí fonn/grá/etc. air") but for the most part we speak English like the English. Only some of us speak better English than they do!
The only Hiberno-English phraseology I've used here (once) has been to replace "you" (in the plural) with "ye", since English doesn't distinguish between the two and I wanted to translate a sentence with it from Irish.

@kemushi69, I didn't say there wasn't only one way of expressing this sentence in Irish, and I didn't really relate it to English at all (I actually related it to Russian, which I am more familiar with than Irish), nor did I say that the translation (or anything else for that matter) was incorrect. I only remarked that the sentence "Whose food is this?" is the closest in literal meaning to the Irish without sounding unnatural (i.e. "Who with the food this").

cueyayot, CK asked a question first and I was trying to reply to that.