すみません、ドイツ語で一般に Dichter und Denker というので「哲学者」ではなくて「思想家」に改めました。こうすると「し」「し」になって頭韻も再現されますし。

Changed as per new Japanese version. :-)

うーんでもなあ、カントやショーペンハウアーやニーチェは「思想家」というより「哲学者」なんですよね……。「思想家」というと20世紀のフランス人というイメージがあります。

ちょっとしばらく考えさせてください。

I think every 思想家 is a 哲学者 as well :-)

いろいろ考えて結局戻しました。お騒がせしてすみません。

ロシア語はこのままでもいいかもしれません。しっくりくる方にしてください。

ah, all those throes of creation :-)
Russian words мыслитель and философ can be considered as partial synonyms, so I think it's possible to leave the current Russian sentence intact. I also can add "философ" variant.
By the way, I've found the word 思索家 in my Japanese-Russian dictionary. Surprisingly, its meaning is defined as "мыслитель; философ" while for 思想家 there is "мыслитель" meaning only. :-)

I don't think 思索家 is a profession.
My friend Tom is a 思索家 because he contemplates a lot, but he's not a 思想家 because he hasn't published a book and there's no Wikipedia article devoted on him.

Well, мыслитель is not a profession in its narrow sense ether. And философ can refer both to a specialist in philosophy and to a person who philosophize a lot and even to a person who has reasonable attitude to all life's misfortunes. :-)

That's the limit of a simple bilingual dictionary, you know. It says nothing wrong, but it doesn't really provide us with the information we want.

うん、本当にそうだね。＾＾